Formative Years Research Articles

Unlawful Carnal Knowledge in the Irish Free State, 1924–1935

Abstract Despite a growing body of research on sexual violence in Irish history, and on recently reported historic sexual offences, few studies have focused on sex offenders who were prosecuted and convicted contemporaneously in the early decades of the Irish Free State. This article examines hitherto restricted archival files on sixty-five offenders who were convicted of unlawful carnal knowledge under the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885, and, in doing so, constitutes the first comprehensive analysis of convicted sex offenders during the formative years of the independent Irish state. The findings reveal the modus operandi of these perpetrators and that the majority of the victims were exploited by someone who was known to them. The article also challenges the view that there was little recognition of child sexual abuse as a societal problem in the early years of the state and demonstrates that there was an awareness of predatory individuals within Irish communities during this period.

PERSPECTIVE: The cold chain delivery of organs for transplantation: from research laboratories and individual enthusiasts to pan-global networks in 50 years

It is some 50 years since the first published reports appeared of ex vivo preservation of organs for transplantation. Over the intervening decades, organ preservation strategies have become one essential component of world-wide clinical transplant services. In the formative years, translational research in organ hypothermic preservation was grappling with the questions about whether static or dynamic storage was preferable, and the practical implications of those choices. Those studies were also informing the newly expanding clinical transplant services. During the middle years, both preservation modalities were practiced by individual group choices. By the 2000???s, the shift in donor demographics demanded a re-evaluation of organ preservation strategies, and now a new era of research and development is promoting adoption of new technologies. In this review we outline many important academic studies which have contributed to this successful history, and give profile to the increasing innovative approaches which are being evaluated for the future.

Alcohol Use Amongst Rural Adolescents and Young Adults: A Brief Review of the Literature.

The sociodevelopmental periods of adolescence and young adulthood are rife with alcohol use. However, much of the literature demonstrating this comes from 'traditional' settings and college campuses (i.e., large suburban/urban campuses, or those containing their own infrastructure). Alcohol culture in rural areas has largely been understudied, which may be problematic given the unique stressors they face (e.g., economic hardship, lack of social activities, healthcare inequality). There has also been difficulty both within and across fields classifying rural versus urban geographical locations; no distinct system used broadly, making ittrea difficult to generalize and accurately collect data. The geographic categorizations are often viewed as homogenous identifiers; however, diversity occurs both within and outside of these classification systems. It appears that rurality may be a risk factor for increased drinking both earlier and later in life, but the research has failed to extend to the formative college years. This short review has two main focuses: attempting to disentangle the definition of rurality and reviewing the literature regarding alcohol use in rural areas, with a specific focus on adolescents and young adults. Identifying the mechanisms responsible for substance use in rural areas is a crucial component of prevention and treatment programs.

Discovering the Intriguing Properties of Extrasynaptic γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptors.

Tonic inhibition in mouse hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons is mediated by α5 subunit-containing γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors. By Caraiscos VB, Elliott EM, You-Ten KE, Cheng VY, Belelli D, Newell JG, Jackson MF, Lambert JJ, Rosahl TW, Wafford KA, MacDonald JF, Orser BA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:3662-7. Reprinted with permission. In this Classic Paper Revisited, the author recounts the scientific journey leading to a report published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) and shares several personal stories from her formative years and "research truths" that she has learned along the way. Briefly, the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was conventionally thought to regulate cognitive processes by activating synaptic GABA type A (GABAA) receptors and generating transient inhibitory synaptic currents. However, the author's laboratory team discovered a novel nonsynaptic form of tonic inhibition in hippocampal pyramidal neurons, mediated by extrasynaptic GABAA receptors that are pharmacologically distinct from synaptic GABAA receptors. This tonic current is highly sensitive to most general anesthetics, including sevoflurane and propofol, and likely contributes to the memory-blocking properties of these drugs. Before the publication in PNAS, the subunit composition of GABAA receptors that generate the tonic current was unknown. The team's research showed that GABAA receptors containing the α5 subunit (α5GABAARs) generated the tonic inhibitory current in hippocampal neurons. α5GABAARs are highly sensitive to GABA, desensitize slowly, and are thus well suited for detecting low, persistent, ambient concentrations of GABA in the extracellular space. Interest in α5GABAARs has surged since the PNAS report, driven by their pivotal roles in cognitive processes and their potential as therapeutic targets for treating various neurologic disorders.

Assessing the influence of climate on the growth of green ash trees from five Plant Hardiness Zones growing in a range-wide provenance test near the species’ northern range limit

Green ash is threatened with extirpation from emerald ash borer (EAB) attack. Because green ash has an extensive range, its restoration could require both breeding for EAB resistance and possible adaptation to a variety of environmental gradients. We assessed the growth and climate sensitivity of green ash from five Plant Hardiness Zones (PHZs) growing in a range-wide provenance test in Vermont. Although there tended to be greater growth among trees from the warmest PHZ (7), differences were rarely statistically distinguishable. For trees from all PHZs, growth was positively correlated with precipitation in the current year and negatively correlated with precipitation the year before (a possible legacy effect). Growth was negatively associated with temperature the year of ring formation but positively associated with temperatures the year before. Growth was often positively correlated with winter snow but was negatively associated with spring or fall snow for the warmest PHZs. Climate correlations for PHZ 3 were unusual in that: 1) only positive correlations were detected, 2) no legacy effects were noted, and 3) despite being from the coldest region, no correlations with snow were found. Growth increased over time for the warmest PHZs during a period of simultaneous increases in temperature and precipitation.

Framing Religious Leadership in Dutch Nationalist Confessional Historiography: Anabaptism on the Lower Rhine in the 1540s–1550s

Abstract This article examines the convention in Anabaptist historiography that Menno Simons (1496–1561) and in his wake Dirk Philips (1504–1568) increasingly stabilized the Anabaptist movement and built an extensive Anabaptist network in the Habsburg Netherlands/Northern Germany, from Friesland and Groningen to Holland and Flanders in the west and to Westphalia and Schleswig-Holstein to Poland in the east and back. The focus is on the development of Anabaptism on the Lower Rhine, in particular on the de-centralized religious leadership of local, cross-border Anabaptist bishops. It challenges the consensus narrative in the historiography of an alleged central role of Menno and Dirk and demonstrates that during the formative years 1540–1550, Anabaptism on the Lower Rhine and in the Habsburg Netherlands/Northern Germany was polyphonic, represented by itinerant local bishops, each with their own – albeit overlapping – network.

A Black American Nutrition Scholar and Advocate: My Journey.

I started my journey as a nutrition scholar in 1974 when I began PhD studies at Cornell University. My journey has been rich with opportunity. I engaged in research on diet-related risks for cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer, partly motivated by my strong commitment to addressing health disparities affecting Black Americans. Obesity became my major focus and would eventually involve both US and global lenses. This focus was also linked to other dietary intake issues and health disparities and drew on knowledge I had gained in my prior study and practice of social work. I positioned myself as a bridge builder across nutrition, epidemiology, and public health, advocating for certain new ways of thinking and acting in these spheres and in the academy itself. Life skills honed during my formative years living within racially segregated contexts have been critical to any successes I have achieved.

Unveiling the tapestry of mother–child interactions through text mining and sentiment analysis

The interaction between a mother and child stands as one of the most profound and intricate human connections, weaving a rich tapestry of behavioral and emotional bonds during the formative years. Although mother–child interactions have received substantial attention in the developmental science literature, few studies have tapped into the extensive corpus of speech data available to uncover the nuances of these interactions across developmental stages. This study applied text mining and sentiment analysis on narratives extracted from mother–child conversations to identify the developmental trend of mother–child interactions from early to middle childhood. The results, based on three key areas of dyadic interactions, demonstrated a shift toward more balanced turn-taking dynamics and linguistic congruence as children age. Also, there was a significant interdependence of mother and child expressed emotions across time. Further investigation of the dyadic emotionality revealed a nonlinear effect of mother-expressed emotion on child-expressed emotion: mother-expressed negative emotions followed a cubic-like pattern, while positive emotions followed a mild quadratic trend. Taken together, the findings of this study present a picture of progressive augmentation of mother–child synchrony over time.

Tracking handgrip strength in Kendo athletes from university to middle and older adulthood.

This study aimed to compare the current handgrip strength (HGS) of Kendo athletes with their HGS when they were in university (up to 50 years). Eighty male graduates who were Kendo club members during their university days performed anthropometric and HGS measurements, and these HGS were compared with those measured during their university days (mean age of 19.5 years old). There was no evidence of a statistical difference in HGS between the current measurement and the measurement taken during university [-0.64 (-1.9, 0.67) kg, p = .336]. There was, however, evidence that the difference in HGS depended upon the current age of the individual (t = -6.43, p < .001). When probing the interaction, there were statistical differences between the ages of 24.6 and 38.2 years and between the ages of 47.4 and 69.9 years. Strength increased across time in the younger participants and decreased for those who were older. Between the ages of 38.9 and 46.1 years, there was no evidence of a statistical difference indicating a maintenance of strength. The HGS of Kendo club graduates, which they acquired during their formative years, continued to increase even after they graduated from university and entered their 30s. However, their HGS decreased from age 50, even though they practiced Kendo.

Greening the Irish State: early legislative and administrative dynamics

ABSTRACT The establishment of Saorstát Éireann (the Irish Free State) in 1922 did not herald a fundamental overhaul of the administrative machinery inherited from Whitehall and Dublin Castle. Path dependent continuities in legislation and executive orders underpinned the new dispensation. At the same time, a process of evolutionary change, which we call ‘administrative greening’, was underway. Drawing on data in the Irish State Administration Database (ISAD), and building on our analysis in Biggins, J., MacCarthaigh, M., & Scott, C. (2024). Priming the state: Continuity and junctures in the foundation of the Irish administration. Irish Political Studies, we explore these dynamics of both continuity and change in the formative years of the new state’s public administration. In so doing, we attest to patterns of normative production and reproduction, illustrated with reference to a number of legislative and administrative examples.

Tracing the evolution of short-period binaries with super-synchronous fast rotators

Context. The initial distribution of rotational velocities of stars is still poorly known, and how the stellar spin evolves from birth to the various end points of stellar evolution is an actively debated topic. Binary interactions are often invoked to explain the existence of extremely fast-rotating stars (vsin i ≳ 200 km s−1). The primary mechanisms through which binaries can spin up stars are tidal interactions, mass transfer, and possibly mergers. However, fast rotation could also be primordial, that is, a result of the star formation process. To evaluate these scenarios, we investigated in detail the evolution of three known fast-rotating stars in short-period spectroscopic and eclipsing binaries, namely HD 25631, HD 191495, and HD 46485, with primaries of masses of 7, 15, and 24 M⊙, respectively, with companions of ∼1 M⊙ and orbital periods of less than 7 days. These systems belong to a recently identified class of binaries with extreme mass ratios, whose evolutionary origin is still poorly understood. Aims. We evaluated in detail three scenarios that could explain the fast rotation observed in these binaries: it could be primordial, a product of mass transfer, or the result of a merger within an originally triple system. We also discuss the future evolution of these systems to shed light on the impact of fast rotation on binary products. Methods. We computed grids of single and binary MESA models varying tidal forces and initial binary architectures to investigate the evolution and reproduce observational properties of these systems. When considering the triple scenario, we determined the region of parameter space compatible with the observed binaries and used a publicly available machine-learning model to determine the dynamical stability of the triple system. Results. We find that, because of the extreme mass-ratio between binary components, tides have a limited impact, regardless of the prescription used, and that the observed short orbital periods are at odds with post-mass-transfer scenarios. We also find that the overwhelming majority of triple systems compatible with the observed binaries are dynamically unstable and would be disrupted within years of formation, forcing a hypothetical merger to happen so close to a zero-age main-sequence that it could be considered part of the star formation process. Conclusions. The most likely scenario to form such young, rapidly rotating, and short-period binaries is primordial rotation, implying that the observed binaries are pre-interaction ones. Our simulations further indicate that such systems will subsequently go through a common envelope and likely merge. These binaries show that the initial spin distribution of massive stars can have a wide range of rotational velocities.

Effectiveness of Virtual Reality-Based Well-Being Interventions for Stress Reduction in Young Adults: Systematic Review.

Adolescents can be especially vulnerable to various stressors as they are still in their formative years and transitioning into adulthood. Hence, it is important for them to have effective stress management strategies. This systematic review investigates current well-being interventions that are aimed at reducing stress among young adults. In particular, interventions using the medium of virtual reality (VR) are explored. This mixed methods systematic review follows the PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols) guidelines, and papers were gathered from databases such as PsycINFO, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, OpenGrey, and Edutopia. Predetermined criteria and specific keywords were used to search for the papers. Search results were screened and extracted with all article screening or extraction delegated among all authors. Any disagreements after reconciliation were settled by a third author. The quality and risk of bias of included studies were assessed using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) Tool for Quantitative Studies. Studies were analyzed qualitatively. In total, 20 studies were included, and qualitative analysis was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of VR-based interventions in 3 domains: nature, stress, and academics. Studies using VR interventions, overall, promoted a reduction in stress and an increase in well-being. The findings suggest that VR may serve as an accessible and affordable medium of stress reduction for students and young adults. Larger sample sizes, and a greater number of included studies, may be required in future directions.

Promoting hEalthy Diet and Active Lifestyle (PEDAL): a protocol for the development and feasibility study of a multicomponent intervention among primary school children in Singapore

BackgroundSetting healthy lifestyle habits during the formative years of childhood is critical as habits can track to adulthood and help prevent obesity and chronic disease risks in later life. While multicomponent interventions have been shown to be effective in changing the lifestyle behaviours of children, there is a limited understanding of the feasibility of such interventions in primary schools in Singapore. A multiphase mixed method study was conducted to develop and examine the feasibility of a theory-based multicomponent school-based intervention—Promoting hEatlthy Eating and Active Lifestyle (PEDAL).MethodsUnderpinned by Kincaid’s ideation model, the PEDAL intervention was developed to increase fruit and vegetable consumption and decrease sedentary behaviours among children. This study consists of three phases. Phase 1 details the development of PEDAL, which consists of four components: (A) a series of interactive health education lessons, (B) actionable home activities to support habit formation, (C) parental/guardian engagement, and (D) optimising the school environment. In Phase 2, components A and B of PEDAL were implemented in two public, co-educational primary schools among Primary 5 students (aged 10–12 years) in Singapore. Data was collected quantitatively using questionnaires and qualitatively using focus group discussions (FGDs) with students and teachers. The feasibility dimensions of components A and B, including recruitment capability, data collection, social validity, and practicality were examined, and ideation on healthy eating and physical activity was explored. In Phase 3, the full PEDAL intervention was pilot-tested in two other public, co-education primary schools with the same target population, using a concurrent mixed method quasi-experimental study design. Feasibility dimensions and potential effectiveness of the intervention will be assessed.DiscussionThis study will provide insights into the feasibility of PEDAL and inform its refinement. Findings from the pilot test will guide the planning of a larger-scale definitive trial.Trial registrationRegistered with ISRCTN registry (ISRCTN16114046) on 16 October 2022.

Unleashing the Power of Love, Passion, Creativity, and Humanity in Novice Teachers' First Year

Purpose: This study explores the transformative impact of novice teachers who employ innovative methods and approaches to forge deep, meaningful connections with their students during their first year of teaching.&#x0D; Methodology: The present study employed a qualitative methodology. Seventeen novice teachers participated in comprehensive, in-depth interviews. After transcribing the interviews, a content analysis approach was employed to identify and define meaningful units pertaining to the symbiotic relationship between novices and their students.&#x0D; Findings: The findings reveal an extraordinary depth of educational passion, creativity, and empathy that significantly contributes to students' academic and emotional development. The study highlights the profound, empathetic bonds formed between teachers and students, transcending traditional educational outcomes. The novice teachers' success in fostering an inclusive and stimulating learning environment is underscored by their innovative methods and ability to harness personal narratives and cultural sensitivity as pedagogical tools.&#x0D; Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The research enriches the global body of knowledge on teacher education by showcasing the power of love, passion, creativity, and humanity in the teaching and learning process. It emphasizes the potential of novice teachers to effect significant, positive changes in their students' lives, even in their formative years of teaching. The study's findings underscore the importance of fostering supportive environments for the growth and development of novice teachers and call for reevaluating support structures in teacher education programs worldwide.

Forty years of a salt marsh formation in the Wadden Sea: surface elevation, sediments, vegetation and bottom fauna

Forty years of a salt marsh formation in the Wadden Sea: surface elevation, sediments, vegetation and bottom fauna

Роль государственного управления автотранспортной отраслью в Кемеровской области в 1946–1965 гг.

The aim of the article is to analyze the role of state management of the motor transport industry in the Kemero-vo region in 1946–1965. Objectives: to characterize the various structures that were created by the state to con-trol the industry; to identify specific individuals who stood at the origins of the development of the automotive industry; to reveal government solutions for the effective functioning of the industry in the region. Based on the results of the analysis, the authors concluded that the state management of the motor transport industry in the Kemerovo region played a leading role during this period: the foundation of a separate region (1943 – the year of formation of the Kemerovo region) stimulated the formation of state management industry links in the field; an extensive network of various departments was created in the region, which oversaw various types of transport and road construction; a competent state policy of long-term lending under the production develop-ment fund was carried out. This made it possible to build pioneer camps, recreation centers, etc. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the authors have expanded existing knowledge on this topic, relying, among other things, on new archival materials.

Impact of Teacher Professional Development on Student Learning at Secondary Level

Abstract: In this paper we discuss about a study on impact of teacher professional development on student learning at secondary level. In a world where teachers are required to become ‘high-level knowledge workers’, the emergence of the school as learning organization is vital. In this context, the aim of this systematic review was to explore what comprises effective professional development for educators: i.e. what forms of teacher professional development definitively lead to positive outcomes for students? The NEP-2020 provides for a comprehensive, sustainable and reformative roadmap for a paradigm shift in the entire education system in the country, and is culturally grounded, is geared toward quality transformation, and is internationally competitive. Teacher professional development involves a continuous process of reflection, learning and further a teacher’s knowledge and skills, leading to enhanced teaching practices that positively impact on student’s learning. A teacher training programme provides teachers with skills and current pedagogy practices to help them connect with, manage, and educate their students in a way that ensures all students are learning and benefiting. A teacher professional development provides teachers with technical help to educate them and further train them in specialized areas. It also provides them with an in-depth understanding of how teacher training affects student learning. When executed properly and with the appropriate material, teacher development programmes have the potential to develop teachers to the point where they can favorably affect students not just academically but also socially. Education is the cornerstone of societal development, and at the heart of education is the teacher-student dynamic. The role of teachers extends far beyond imparting knowledge; they shape young minds, inspire curiosity, and foster a love for learning. Teachers are an important element of the education system and play an important role in the effective development and implementation of educational policies. Teacher training is not a one-time event; it is an ongoing process that encourages continuous professional development. Educators who engage in regular training sessions stay abreast of the latest educational research, methodologies, and best practices. This commitment to lifelong learning ensures that teachers remain effective and adaptable throughout their careers, positively impacting student outcomes. Teachers may have a significant influence on students and push them to stay on track during their formative years. Students who see their teachers as role models achieve extraordinary results.

The United States, the Defence of the Middle East and Türkiye: 1946-1952

This study analyses the early years of cooperation between Türkiye and the United States (US) in the field of security and defence by utilising US government documents and the secondary sources that heavily depend on primary sources. It emphasizes the link between the elements of the strategic context in which the US developed its approach to the defence of the Middle East and the American interest&#x0D; in developing defence ties with Türkiye. The major outcomes of Turkish-American cooperation were American support for Türkiye against the Soviet Union in 1946, the provision of American military assistance in 1947, the modernization of the Turkish military, the construction of military bases on Turkish territory, American support for Turkish membership in NATO and Turkish willingness to conduct its&#x0D; relations with the Middle East in coordination with the West. This study reveals that those outcomes reflected for the most time American political and strategic preferences. For this reason, the typical characteristics of those relations between great powers and small states can be observed in Turkish-American security relations during their formative years.

Heterogeneous Coprecipitation of Nanocrystals with Metals on Substrates.

ConspectusThe heterogeneous coprecipitation of nanocrystals with metals on substrates plays a significant role in both natural and engineered systems. Due to the small dimensions and thereby the large specific surface area, nanocrystal coprecipitation with metals, which is ubiquitous in natural settings, exerts drastic effects on the biogeochemical cycling of metals on the earth's crust. Meanwhile, the controlled synthesis of nanocrystals with metal doping to achieve tunable size/composition enables their broad applications as adsorbents and catalysts in many engineered settings. Despite their importance, complex interactions among aqueous ions/polymers, nanocrystals, substrates, and metals are far from being well-understood, leaving the controlling mechanisms for nanocrystal formation with metals on substrates uncovered.In this Account, we discuss our systematic investigation over the past 10 years of the heterogeneous formation of representative nanocrystals with metals on typical substrates. We chose Fe(OH)3 and BaSO4 as representative nanocrystals. Mechanisms for varied metal coprecipitation were also investigated for both types of nanocrystals (i.e., Fe, Al, Cr, Cu, and Pb)(OH)3 and (Ba, Sr)(SO4, SeO4, and SeO3)). Bare SiO2 and Al2O3, as well as those coated with varied organics, were selected as geologically or synthetically representative substrates. Through the integration of state-of-the-art nanoscale interfacial characterization techniques with theoretical calculations, the complex interactions during nanocrystal formation at interfaces were probed and the controlling mechanisms were identified.For BaSO4 and Fe(OH)3 formation on substrates, the local supersaturation levels near substrates were controlled by Ba2+ adsorption and the electrostatic attraction of Fe(OH)3 monomer/polymer to substrates, respectively. Meanwhile, substrate hydrophobicity controlled the interfacial energy for the nucleation of both nanocrystals on (in)organic substrates. Metal ions' (i.e., Cr/Al/Cu/Pb) hydrolysis constants and substrates' dielectric constants controlled metal ion adsorption onto substrates, which altered the surface charges of substrates, thus controlling heterogeneous Fe(OH)3 nanocrystal formation on substrates by electrostatic interactions. The sizes and compositions of heterogeneous (Fe, Cr)(OH)3 and (Ba, Sr)(SO4, SeO4, SeO3) formed on substrates were found to be distinct from those of homogeneous precipitates formed in solution. The substrate (de)protonation could alter the local solution's pH and the substrates' surface charge; substrates could also adsorb cations, affecting local Fe/Cr/Ba/Sr ion concentrations at solid-water interfaces, thus controlling the amount/size/composition of nanocrystals by tuning their nucleation/growth/deposition on substrates. From slightly supersaturated solution, homogeneous coprecipitates of microsized (Ba, Sr)(SO4, SeO4, SeO3) formed through growth, with little Sr/Se(VI) incorporation due to higher solubilities of SrSO4 and BaSeO4 over BaSO4. While cation enrichment near substrates made the local solution highly supersaturated, nanosized coprecipitates formed on substrates through nucleation, with more Sr/Se(VI) incorporation due to lower interfacial energies of SrSO4 and BaSeO4 over BaSO4. The new insights gained advanced our understanding of the biogeochemical cycling of varied elements at solid-water interfaces and of the controlled synthesis of functional nanocrystals.

Why Do New Parents Stop Practising Sport? A Retrospective Study towards the Determinants of Dropping Out after Becoming a Parent.

Despite the known health benefits of sport, recent studies showed that parenthood is related to decreased sport participation. Changes in sport behaviour after becoming a parent have been explained by gender or with the rational resource perspective of limited time and energy. However, the latter is mostly theoretical, since empirical insights on resource mechanisms are scarce. We want to improve and go beyond these explanations by investigating them empirically and by examining sport socialisation during the formative years as an alternative explanation. Consequently, our main objective is to explain changes in sport participation after becoming a parent with gender, limited resources and socialisation with sport. To this end, we employ representative Dutch survey data of new parents (n = 594), containing detailed information on sport careers and sport socialisation, as well as babysitter availability, partner support and physical discomfort after childbirth. The results of the logistic regression analyses show that, besides gender and resource mechanisms, sport socialisation and social support seem to have a great impact on sport behaviour when people become parents. That is, men are more likely to continue sport participation, as well as people with more resources (physical, temporal and social) and more socialisation with sport during the formative years. So including sport socialisation and social support seems necessary to better explain and prevent sport dropout during major life transitions, like becoming a parent.